Impact of microRNAs on the epigenetic regulation of abiotic stress in crop plants: a critical review and biotechnological perspectives

Abstract

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the epigenetic modulation of abiotic stress responses in cultivated plants, emphasizing their potential as biotechnological instruments in addressing climate change.  An integrative systematic review methodology was utilized, sourcing peer-reviewed scientific literature published in the past five years and indexed in prominent databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed.  The selection emphasized experimental research on model crops and agriculturally pertinent species.  The results indicate that miRNAs serve as crucial regulatory elements within epigenetic networks, actively influencing DNA methylation, histone modifications, and gene silencing to facilitate adaptive responses to unfavorable environments such as drought, salinity, and harsh temperatures. The article emphasizes the necessity of implementing the paradigm of complex problem-solving and systemic transformation in biotechnology education.  This transdisciplinary method has demonstrated efficacy in amalgamating molecular, agricultural, and pedagogical knowledge to cultivate researchers equipped to tackle agronomic difficulties from a systems-oriented viewpoint.  Favorable results in the enhancement of scientific capabilities have been noted through the application of active approaches, including project-based learning and the integration of emerging technology. Moreover, numerous intriguing applications exist within the domain.  For instance, medicines based on miR and siR could provide distinct benefits in the formulation of anti-infective and anticancer pharmaceuticals.  The primary goals in these domains encompass the systematic creation of miR clusters aimed at co-infecting pathogens and the precise silencing of oncogenes via targeted delivery methods.  Improving mRNA-blocking techniques by augmenting efficacy, reducing off-target effects, and enhancing the bioavailability of carrier biomaterials may be crucial.  Future studies should investigate the regulatory or synergistic relationships between miRNA and siRNA populations within cells.  As global agricultural goals evolve and new technologies arise, this sector will persist in encountering both unprecedented difficulties and opportunities.